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Propaganda: Ethics & the Media

The Bullock Texas State History Museum hosted an exhibit about the biases and pressures that led to the rise of the Nazi party in the 1930’s, which was especially salient in the run-up to the 2016 presidential election.

Teaching Notes

At an ethics conference in Virginia in 2016, Cara Biasucci and Robert Prentice met some of the people involved in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s exhibit, State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda, which focuses on propaganda in Germany before and during WWII. Anyone who visits this exhibit, which is on display at the Bullock Texas State History Museum in the fall of 2016, will likely agree that it is a profoundly disturbing example of the insidious nature of propaganda and its ability to persuade otherwise reasonable people to act in horrific and tragic ways.

Over the last few months, Ethics Unwrapped has been collaborating with the Bullock Texas State History Museum to shine a light on the behavioral ethics concepts, such as moral mutenessmoral myopia and ethical fading, which often support the pervasive use of propaganda. Given the bruising election cycle that our country has been going through this year, we also saw an opportunity to explore a problem widely recognized by members of both political parties—national media coverage has become almost issue-free. Nearly all the public sees reported are the character flaws of the various candidates and who is ahead and who is behind in the polls. The facts, issues, and substance are all largely ignored. Coverage instead focuses on unsubstantiated rumors, name-calling of the worst kind, sensationalized details, and non-substantive issues. Indeed, during the election, both major presidential candidates were repeatedly attacked for using propaganda, for secretly wanting to become dictators, and (in confirmation of Godwin’s law) being potential Hitlers. Both candidates were the victims of utterly fake news that went viral. Any Google search linking either candidate’s name with the words “propaganda,” “dictator,” “totalitarian,” and “Hitler” will produce millions of results for each candidate in roughly similar numbers.

So, the message of Propaganda: Ethics & the Media is three-fold. First, propaganda is ubiquitous and dangerous. Second, the media is doing an inadequate job of policing propaganda in modern political campaigns and of informing the electorate regarding substantive policy issues. Third, it, therefore, becomes incumbent upon individuals to educate themselves so that they may vote in an informed way. Citizens must demand more of their candidates, of their media, and of themselves.

The first step in that journey is to identify and fight against unethical thought processes and behaviors. Please view this video and share it (and this website) with others. In early 2017, we released Ethics Defined, a glossary of 50+ short videos that introduce and explain the fundamental ethical principles that enable civilized and peaceful coexistence. Familiarize yourself with these ideas.

Please join us in raising the level of thoughtful and productive discourse in our country and around the world. #EthicalLeadership begins with you!

German Police Battalion 101

German Police Battalion 101

During the Holocaust, ordinary Germans became willing killers even though they could have opted out from murdering their Jewish neighbors.

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Stangl & the Holocaust

Stangl & the Holocaust

Franz Stangl was the most effective Nazi administrator in Poland, killing nearly one million Jews at Treblinka, but he claimed he was simply following orders.

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Conformity Bias

Conformity Bias

Conformity bias describes our tendency to take cues for proper behavior from the actions of others rather than exercise our own independent judgment.

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Implicit Bias

Implicit Bias

Implicit bias exists when people unconsciously hold attitudes toward others or associate stereotypes with them.

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Intro to Behavioral Ethics

Intro to Behavioral Ethics

Behavioral Ethics investigates why people make the ethical (and unethical) decisions that they do in order to gain insights into how people can improve their ethical decision-making and behavior.

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Moral Agent & Subject of Moral Worth

Moral Agent & Subject of Moral Worth

A moral agent is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong, and has the power to intentionally cause harm to another. A moral subject is anything that can be harmed.

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Moral Muteness

Moral Muteness

Moral muteness is when we communicate in ways that obscure our moral beliefs and commitments, or don’t voice moral sentiments at all.

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Moral Myopia

Moral Myopia

Moral myopia is a distortion of moral vision that keeps ethical issues from coming clearly into focus.

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Obedience to Authority

Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority describes our tendency to please authority figures. We may place too much emphasis on that goal and, consciously or subconsciously, subordinate the goal of acting ethically.

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Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation bias is our tendency to seek out or interpret information that supports our pre-existing beliefs, expectations, or hypotheses.

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Conformity Bias

Conformity Bias

The Conformity Bias describes people’s tendency to take their behavioral cues from those around them.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

Diffusion of Responsibility

Diffusion of Responsibility occurs when people fail to take action because they assume that since others nearby are not acting, action is not appropriate.

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Ethical Fading

Ethical Fading

Ethical Fading occurs when people focus on some other aspect of a decision so that the ethical dimensions of the choice fade from view.

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Groupthink

Groupthink

Groupthink occurs when people’s desire to maintain group loyalty trumps all other factors, including abiding by their personal code of ethics.

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Harm Principle

Harm Principle

The harm principle is the idea that people should be free to act as they wish as long as their actions do not cause harm to others.

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In-group/Out-group

In-group/Out-group

The In-group/Out-group phenomenon describes the fact that we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us.

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Obedience to Authority

Obedience to Authority

Obedience to Authority is the tendency people have to try to comply with superiors’ wishes, even when to do so conflicts with their own moral judgment.

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Rationalizations

Rationalizations

Rationalizations are the excuses people give themselves for failing to live up to their own ethical standards.

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Additional Resources

The latest resource from Ethics Unwrapped is a book, Behavioral Ethics in Practice: Why We Sometimes Make the Wrong Decisions, written by Cara Biasucci and Robert Prentice. This accessible book is amply footnoted with behavioral ethics studies and associated research. It also includes suggestions at the end of each chapter for related Ethics Unwrapped videos and case studies. Some instructors use this resource to educate themselves, while others use it in lieu of (or in addition to) a textbook.

Cara Biasucci also recently wrote a chapter on integrating Ethics Unwrapped in higher education, which can be found in the latest edition of Teaching Ethics: Instructional Models, Methods and Modalities for University Studies. The chapter includes examples of how Ethics Unwrapped is used at various universities.

The most recent article written by Cara Biasucci and Robert Prentice describes the basics of behavioral ethics and introduces Ethics Unwrapped videos and supporting materials along with teaching examples. It also includes data on the efficacy of Ethics Unwrapped for improving ethics pedagogy across disciplines. Published in Journal of Business Law and Ethics Pedagogy (Vol. 1, August 2018), it can be downloaded here: “Teaching Behavioral Ethics (Using “Ethics Unwrapped” Videos and Educational Materials).”

An article written by Ethics Unwrapped authors Minette Drumwright, Robert Prentice, and Cara Biasucci introduce key concepts in behavioral ethics and approaches to effective ethics instruction—including sample classroom assignments. Published in the Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, it can be downloaded here: “Behavioral Ethics and Teaching Ethical Decision Making.”

A detailed article written by Robert Prentice, with extensive resources for teaching behavioral ethics, was published in Journal of Legal Studies Education and can be downloaded here: “Teaching Behavioral Ethics.”

Another article by Robert Prentice, discussing how behavioral ethics can improve the ethicality of human decision-making, was published in the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. It can be downloaded here: “Behavioral Ethics: Can It Help Lawyers (And Others) Be their Best Selves?

A dated (but still serviceable) introductory article about teaching behavioral ethics can be accessed through Google Scholar by searching: Prentice, Robert A. 2004. “Teaching Ethics, Heuristics, and Biases.” Journal of Business Ethics Education 1 (1): 57-74.

Bibliography

Susan D. Bachrach & Steven Luckert,State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda” (2009)

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